The role of humans and robots in space exploration should not be considered separately. Instead, it should be a symbiotic relationship.

Robotic missions are typically used to provide information, either to prepare for human missions or to gather scientific knowledge. Currently, we cannot maintain a continuous human presence in space since human missions are more expensive, risky and require lengthy preparations. Robotic missions keep the public interested by bridging the time gap between human missions. Compared to human missions, robotic missions are simpler and cheaper to implement: robots are expendable, can be sterilized and do not require life support systems.

On the other hand, human crews add flexibility and adaptability, which are impossible to achieve with robotic missions. The scientific and technological rationale for sending humans to space lies in their problem solving approach, their decision making process, and in their ability to flexibly maintain and repair equipment. It is evident that humans possess skills and abilities that cannot be programmed into a robot. Artificial-intelligence software, telecommunications, and specific sensors may enhance the capabilities of robotic probes; but this repertoire falls short of what is required for most forms of field study (particularly the discipline of geology). Robots should therefore be regarded as precursors and adjuncts to human exploration.

In order to answer the question "humans or robots?", one must first define the task. If space exploration is about venturing to new worlds and understanding the universe in ever-increasing detail, then both robots and humans will be needed. The added value of the human capacity to feel and follow instincts should not be ignored. The strengths of each partner make up for the other's weaknesses. To use only one technique is to deprive ourselves of the best of both worlds: the intelligence and flexibility of human participation and the beneficial use of robotic assistance.

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